Archive for September, 2010
GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD
Method
Genetic alteration involves a insertion or erasure of genes. In a routine of Cisgenesis genes have been artificially eliminated in in in between organisms which could be conventionally bred. In a routine of Transgenesis genes from a opposite class have been inserted, which is a form of plane gene transfer. In inlet this can start when exogenous DNA penetrates a dungeon aspect for any reason. To do this artificially might need attaching a genes to a pathogen or usually physically inserting a a single some-more DNA in to a iota of a dictated horde with a really tiny syringe, or with really tiny particles dismissed from a gene gun. However, alternative methods feat healthy forms of gene transfer, such as a capability of Agrobacterium to send genetic element to plants, as good as a capability of lentiviruses to send genes to animal cells.
Development
The primary commercially grown genetically mutated sum food stand was a chopped tomatoes (called FlavrSavr), which was mutated to rise yet softening, by a Californian association Calgene. Calgene took a commencement to acquire FDA capitulation for a recover in 1994 yet any special labeling, nonetheless legally no such capitulation was required. It was welcomed by consumers who purchased a ripened offspring during a estimable reward over a price of unchanging tomatoes. However, prolongation problems as good as foe from a conventionally bred, longer shelf-life accumulation prevented a product from apropos profitable. A assorted of a Flavr Savr was used by Zeneca to furnish chopped tomatoes pulp which was sole in Europe during a summer of 1996. The labeling as good as pricing were created as a selling experiment, which proved, during a time, which European consumers would accept genetically engineered foods.
Currently, there have been a series of food class in which a genetically mutated chronicle exists.
Food
Properties of a genetically mutated variety
Modification
Percent Modified in US
Percent Modified in world
Soybeans
Resistant to glyphosate or glufosinate herbicides
Herbicide resistant gene taken from germ extrinsic in to soybean
89%
TBA
Corn, field
Resistant to glyphosate or glufosinate herbicides, Insect insurgency – regulating Bt proteins a little formerly used as pesticides in organic stand production.
Vitamin-enriched corn subsequent from South African white corn accumulation M37W has splendid orange kernels, with 169x enlarge in beta carotene, 6x a vitamin C as good as 2x folate. || New genes added/transferred in to plant genome. || 60% || TBA
Cotton (cottonseed oil)
Pest-resistant cotton
Bt clear protein gene added/transferred in to plant genome
83%
62%
Hawaiian papaya
Variety is resistant to a papaya ringspot virus.
New gene added/transferred in to plant genome
+50%
TBA
Tomatoes
Variety in which a prolongation of a containing alkali substance polygalacturonase (PG) is suppressed, retarding ripened offspring softening after harvesting.
A retreat duplicate (an antisense gene) of a gene obliged for a prolongation of PG containing alkali substance combined in to plant genome
Taken off a marketplace due to blurb failure.
None
Potatoes
Amflora accumulation produces slick potato starch stoical roughly to a single side of a amylopectin partial of of starch.
The gene for granule firm starch synthase (GBSS) (the pass containing alkali substance for a singularity of amylose) was switched off by inserting antisense duplicate of a GBSS gene.
Amflora will be constructed usually underneath stipulate tillage conditions as good as not finished accessible upon a ubiquitous market.
TBA
Rapeseed (Canola)
Resistance to herbicides (glyphosate or glufosinate), tall laurate canola
New genes added/transferred in to plant genome
75%
TBA
Sugar cane
Resistance to sure pesticides, high-sucrose cane.
New genes added/transferred in to plant genome
TBA
TBA
Sugar beet
Resistance to glyphosate, glufosinate herbicides
New genes added/transferred in to plant genome
TBA
TBA
Sweet corn
Produces a own bioinsecticide (Bt toxin)
Gene from a micro-organism Bacillus thuringiensis combined to a plant.
TBA
TBA
Rice
Genetically mutated to enclose tall amounts of Vitamin A (beta-carotene)
“Golden rice” Three brand brand brand brand brand brand new genes implanted: dual from daffodils as good as a third from a bacterium
TBA
TBA
In addition, assorted genetically engineered micro-organisms have been customarily used as sources of enzymes for a make of a far-reaching accumulation of processed foods. These embody alpha-amylase from bacteria, which converts starch to elementary sugars, chymosin from germ or fungi which clots divert protein for cheese making, as good as pectinesterase from fungi which improves ripened offspring extract clarity.
Growing Genetically Modified crops
Between 1997 as good as 2005, a sum aspect area of land artistic with GMOs had augmenting by a means of 50, from 17,000 km2 (4.2 million acres) to 900,000 km2 (222 million acres).
Although most GM crops have been grown in North America, in brand brand brand brand brand new years there has been fast enlargement in a area sown in building countries. For e.g. in 2005 a largest enlarge in stand area planted to GM crops (soybeans) was in Brazil (94,000 km2 in 2005 contra 50,000 km2 in 2004.) There has additionally been fast as good as stability enlargement of GM string varieties in India given 2002. (Cotton is a vital source of unfeeling in progress oil as good as animal feed.) It is expected which in 2008/9 32,000 km2 of GM string will be harvested in India (up some-more than 100 percent from a prior season).
Indian inhabitant normal string yields of GM string were 7 times reduce in 2002, given a parental string plant used in a genetic engineered assorted was not good matched to a meridian of India as good as failed. The broadside given to transgenic trait Bt insect insurgency has speedy a embracing a means of softened behaving hybrid string varieties, as good as a Bt trait has almost marked down waste to insect predation. Though argumentative as good as mostly disputed, mercantile as good as environmental benefits of GM string in India to a sold rancher have been documented.
In 2003, countries which grew 99% of a tellurian transgenic crops were a United States (63%), Argentina (21%), Canada (6%), Brazil (4%), China (4%), as good as South Africa (1%). The Grocery Manufacturers of America guess which 75% of all processed dishes in a U.S. enclose a GM partial . In particular, Bt corn, which produces a insecticide inside of a plant itself, is during vast grown, as have been soybeans genetically created to endure glyphosate herbicides. These consecrate “input-traits” have been directed to financially good a producers, have surreptitious environmental benefits as good as extrinsic price benefits to consumers.
In a US, by 2006 89% of a planted area of soybeans, 83% of cotton, as good as 61% corn were genetically mutated varieties. Genetically mutated soybeans carried herbicide-tolerant traits only, yet maize as good as string carried both herbicide toleration as good as insect insurance traits (the latter mostly a Bacillus thuringiensis Bt insecticidal protein). In a duration 2002 to 2006, there were poignant increases in a area planted to Bt stable string as good as maize, as good as herbicide passive maize additionally augmenting in sown area.
Crop yields
Some systematic studies have claimed which genetically mutated varieties of plants do not furnish aloft stand yields than normal plants. However, alternative systematic studies brawl these claims.[citation needed]
One investigate by Charles Benbrook, Chief Scientist of a Organic Center, found which genetically engineered Roundup Ready soybeans do not enlarge yields (Bendrook, 1999). The inform reviewed over 8,200 university trials in 1998 as good as found which Roundup Ready soybeans yielded 7-10% reduction than identical healthy varieties. In addition, a same investigate found which farmers used 5-10 times some-more herbicide (Roundup) upon Roundup Ready soybeans than upon compulsory ones.
Coexistence as good as traceability
The United States as good as Canada do not need labeling of genetically mutated foods. However in sure alternative regions, such as a European Union, Japan, Malaysia as good as Australia, governments have compulsory labeling so consumers can make make use of of welfare in in in between dishes which have genetically modified, compulsory or organic origins. This requires a labeling complement as good as a arguable subdivision of GM as good as non-GM organisms during prolongation turn as good as via a sum estimate chain. Research suggests which this might infer impossible.[citation needed]
For traceability, a OECD has introduced a “unique identifier” which is given to any GMO when it is approved. This singular identifier contingency be forwarded during each theatre of processing.[citation needed] Many countries have dynamic labeling regulations as good as discipline upon coexistence as good as traceability. Research projects such as Co-Extra, SIGMEA as good as Transcontainer have been directed during questioning softened methods for ensuring coexistence as good as upon condition which stakeholders a collection compulsory for a doing of coexistence as good as traceability.[citation needed]
Detection
Testing upon GMOs in food as good as feed is customarily finished regulating molecular techniques similar to DNA microarrays or qPCR. These tests can be formed upon screening genetic elements (like p35S, tNos, pat, or bar) or event-specific markers for a central GMOs (like Mon810, Bt11, or GT73). The array-based process combines multiplex PCR as good as form jot down to shade samples for opposite intensity GMOs , mixing opposite approaches (screening elements, plant-specific markers, as good as event-specific markers).
The qPCR is used to acknowledge specific GMO events by make make make use of of of of specific primers for screening elements or event-specific markers. Controls have been required to equivocate fake certain or fake disastrous results. For example, a exam for CaMV is used to equivocate a fake certain in a eventuality of a pathogen infested sample.
PLU codes
A Price Look-Up formula commencement with a number 8 indicates genetically mutated food.
Controversy
Main article: GM food controversy
While it is clear which there is a food supply issue; a theme is possibly GM can compromise universe craving problems. Several scientists disagree which in sequence to encounter a approach for food in a building world, a second immature series with augmenting make make make use of of of of GM crops is needed. Others disagree which there is some-more than sufficient food in a universe as good as which a craving predicament is caused by problems in food placement as good as politics, not production. Recently a little critics have altered their minds upon a emanate with apply oneself to a need for a single some-more food supplies.
enetic alteration is equivalent to chief power: nobody loves it, yet meridian shift has finished a embracing a means imperative, says economist Paul Collier of Oxford University. “Declining genetic alteration creates a difficult emanate some-more complex. Genetic alteration offers both faster stand instrumentation as good as a biological, rsther than than chemical, proceed to furnish increases.”
On a alternative hand, most hold which GMF have not been a success as good as which you should persevere a efforts as good as income in to an a single some-more solution. e need biodiversity intensification which functions with inlet nutritious as good as H2O cycles, not opposite them, says Vandana Shiva. Shiva, a owner of Navdanya, a transformation of 500,000 seed keepers as good as organic farmers in India, argues which GMF have not augmenting yields. Recently, Doug Gurian-Sherman, a partial of of a Union of Concerned Scientists, a nonprofit scholarship advocacy group, published a inform called ailure to Yield, in which he settled which in a scarcely twenty year record, genetically engineered crops have not augmenting yields.
Taking a some-more technical approach, GMF assistance farmers produce, notwithstanding a contingency or any environmental barriers. hile brand brand brand brand brand brand new jot down contingency be tested prior to it is commercially released, you should be aware of a risks of not releasing it during all, says Per Pinstrup-Andersen highbrow of Food, Nutrition as good as Public Policy during Cornell University. Per Pinstrup-Anderson argues, isguided anti-science beliefs as good as disaster by governments to prioritize farming as good as farming growth in building countries brought us a food crisis. He obviously states a plea you face is not a plea of possibly you have sufficient resources to produce, yet possibly you will shift a behavior.
Economic as good as domestic effects
Adoption of genetically-engineered crops in a United States.
Many proponents of genetically engineered crops explain they reduce insecticide make make make use of of of as good as have brought aloft yields as good as profitability to most farmers, together with those in building nations.
The United States has seen a drawn out embracing a means of genetically-engineered corn, string as good as soybean crops over a final decade (see figure).
In Aug 2003, Zambia cut off a upsurge of Genetically Modified Food (mostly maize) from UN’s World Food Programme. This left a famine-stricken race yet food aid.
In Dec 2005 a Zambian supervision altered a thoughts in a face of serve fast as good as authorised a importation of GM maize. However, a Zambian Minister for Agriculture Mundia Sikatana has insisted which a anathema upon genetically mutated maize remains, observant “We do not wish GM (genetically modified) dishes as good as a goal is which all of us can go upon to furnish non-GM foods.”
In Apr 2004 Hugo Chvez voiced a sum anathema upon genetically mutated seeds in Venezuela.
In Jan 2005, a Hungarian supervision voiced a anathema upon importing as good as planting of genetic mutated maize seeds, which was subsequently certified by a EU.
On Aug 18, 2006, American exports of rice to Europe were interrupted when most of a U.S. stand was reliable to be infested with unauthorised engineered genes, presumably due to random cross-pollination with compulsory crops.
On Feb 9, 2010, Indian Environment Minister, Jairam Ramesh, imposed a duration upon a civilised universe of GMF “for as prolonged as it is indispensable to settle open certitude as good as confidence”. His welfare was finished after critique from multiform groups responding to regulatory capitulation of a civilised universe of Bt Brinjal, a GM eggplant in October, 2009.
Intellectual property
Traditionally, farmers in all nations saved their own seed from year to year. Allowing to follow this make make use of of with genetically mutated seed would outcome in seed developers losing a capability to distinction from their tact work. Therefore, genetically-modified seed have been theme to chartering by their developers in contracts which have been created to forestall farmers from following this normal practice. Many objections to genetically mutated food crops have been formed upon this change.
Main article: Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser
Enforcement of patents upon genetically mutated plants is mostly contentious, generally given of gene flow. In 1998, 95-98 percent of about 10 km2 planted with canola by Canadian rancher Percy Schmeiser were found to enclose Monsanto Company’s law Roundup Ready gene nonetheless Schmeiser had never purchased seed from Monsanto. The primary source of a plants was undetermined, as good as could have been by possibly gene upsurge or conscious theft. However, a strenuous rule of a trait pragmatic which Schmeiser contingency have purposely comparison for it. The justice dynamic which Schmeiser had saved seed from areas upon as good as diagonally opposite to his skill where Roundup had been sprayed, such as ditches as good as nearby energy poles.
Although incompetent to infer approach theft, Monsanto sued Schmeiser for robbery given he intentionally grew Roundup Ready plants yet profitable royalties(Ibid). The box finished it to a Canadian Supreme Court, which in 2004 ruled 5 to 4 in Monsanto favor. The dissenting judges focused essentially upon a actuality which Monsanto’s patents lonesome usually a gene itself as good as glyphosate resistant cells, as good as unsuccessful to cover transgenic plants in their entirety. All of a judges concluded which Schmeiser would not have to compensate any indemnification given he had not benefited from his make make make use of of of of a genetically mutated seed.
In reply to criticism, Monsanto Canada’s Director of Public Affairs settled which “It is not, nor has it ever been Monsanto Canada’s process to make a obvious upon Roundup Ready crops when they have been benefaction upon a farmer’s margin by accident…Only when there has been a meaningful as good as counsel defilement of a obvious rights will Monsanto act.”
Future developments
Future envisaged applications of GMOs have been different as good as embody drug in food, bananas which furnish tellurian vaccines opposite spreading diseases such as Hepatitis B, metabolically engineered fish which grown up some-more quickly, ripened offspring as good as bulb trees which furnish years earlier, dishes no longer containing properties compared with usual intolerances, as good as plants which furnish brand brand brand brand brand brand new plastics with singular properties. While their practicality or efficiency in blurb prolongation has nonetheless to be entirely tested, a subsequent decade might see exponential increases in GM product growth as researchers benefit augmenting entrance to genomic resources which have been germane to organisms over a operation of sold projects. Safety contrast of these products will also, during a same time, be required to safeguard which a viewed benefits will in truth transcend a viewed as good as dark costs of development. Plant scientists, corroborated by formula of complicated extensive profiling of stand composition, indicate out which crops mutated regulating GM techniques have been reduction expected to have unintended changes than have been conventionally bred crops.
Health risks
In a United States, a FDA Center for Food Safety as good as Applied Nutrition contingency authorize a nutritive characteristics of GMO dishes upon a basement of comparability to conventionally-produced foods. The list next shows a dishes which had perceived FDA capitulation as of 2002.
A 2008 examination published by a Royal Society of Medicine remarkable which GM dishes have been eaten by millions of people worldwide for over fifteen years, with no reports of ill effects. Similarly a 2004 inform from a US National Academies of Sciences stated: “To date, no inauspicious seizure goods attributed to genetic engineering have been documented in a tellurian population.” Worldwide, there have been a operation of perspectives inside of non-governmental organizations upon a reserve of GM foods. For example, a US pro-GM vigour organisation AgBioWorld has argued which GM dishes have been proven safe, whilst alternative vigour groups as good as consumer rights groups, such as a Organic Consumers Association, as good as Greenpeace explain a prolonged tenure seizure risks which GM could pose, or a environmental risks compared with GM, have not nonetheless been sufficient investigated.
In 1998 Rowett Research Institute scientist rpd Pusztai reported which expenditure of potatoes genetically mutated to enclose lectin had inauspicious abdominal goods upon rats. Pusztai in a future published a paper, co-authored by Stanley Ewen, in a journal, The Lancet. The paper claimed to uncover which rats fed upon potatoes genetically mutated with a snowdrop lectin had surprising changes to their tummy hankie when compared with rats fed upon non mutated potatoes. The examination has been criticised by alternative scientists upon a drift which a unmodified potatoes were not a satisfactory carry out diet as good as which all a rats might have been sick, due to them being fed a diet of usually potatoes.
In 2010 3 scientists published a statistical re-analysis of 3 stuff oneself trials which had formerly been published by others as substantiating a reserve of genetically mutated corn. The brand brand brand brand brand brand new essay claimed which their census interpretation instead showed which a 3 law crops (Mon 810, Mon 863, as good as NK 603) grown as good as owned by Monsanto means liver, kidney, as good as heart repairs in mammals. A prior re-analysis of partial of this interpretation by a same organisation of scientists was assessed by a row of eccentric toxicologists in a investigate saved by Monsanto as good as published in a biography Food as good as containing alkali toxicology, a reviewers reported which a investigate was statistically injured as good as upon condition which no justification of inauspicious effects.
Gene transfer
As of Jan 2009 there has usually been a single tellurian stuff oneself investigate conducted upon a goods of genetically mutated foods. The investigate concerned 7 tellurian volunteers who had formerly had their vast viscera removed. These volunteers were to eat GM soy to see if a DNA of a GM soy eliminated to a germ which of march lives in a tellurian gut. Researchers identified which 3 of a 7 volunteers had transgenes from GM soy eliminated in to a germ vital in their gut, yet nothing of a gene transfers occurred during a march of a study. In volunteers with finish digestive tracts, a transgene did not tarry thoroughfare by total gastrointestinal tract. Anti-GM advocates hold a investigate should prompt a single some-more contrast to establish a significance.
A investigate upon a probable goods of stuff oneself genetically mutated feeds to animals found which there was no poignant differences in a reserve as good as nutritive worth of feedstuffs containing element subsequent from genetically mutated plants. Specifically, a investigate remarkable which no residues of recombinant DNA or novel proteins have been found in any organ or hankie samples performed from animals fed with GMP plants.
Allergies
In a midst 1990s Pioneer Hi-Bred tested a allergenicity of a transgenic soybean which voiced a Brazil bulb seed storage protein in goal which a seeds would have augmenting levels of a amino poison methionine. The tests (radioallergosorbent testing, immunoblotting, as good as skin-prick testing) showed which people allergic to Brazil nuts were additionally allergic to a brand brand brand brand brand brand new GM soybean. Pioneer has indicated which it will not rise blurb cultivars containing Brazil bulb protein given a protein is expected to be an allergen.
See also
Plant breeding
Transgenic plant
International traffic of genetically mutated foods
References
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^ Guelph Transgenic Pig Research Program: EnviropigTM an environmentally accessible multiply of pigs which utilizes plant phosphorus efficiently. Nov 04, 2005.
^ a b NRC. (2004). Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. National Academies Press. Free full text.
^ a b Martineau, Belinda (2001). First Fruit: The Creation of a Flavr Savr Tomato as good as a Birth of Biotech Foods. McGraw-Hill. pp. 269. ISBN 978-0071360562.
^ FDA Consumer Letter (September 1994): First Biotech Tomato Marketed
^ GEO-PIE Project – Cornell University
^ Shaista Naqvi, et al. Transgenic multivitamin corn by biofortification of endosperm with 3 vitamins representing 3 graphic metabolic pathways PNAS Apr 27, 2009.
^ [http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/NPH-1.pdf Richard M. Manshardt H Rainbow Papaya: A High-Quality Hybrid with Genetically Engineered Disease Resistance. Cooperative Extension Service/CTAHR, University of Hawaii during Manoa.]
^ [http://www.foodsafety.gov/~lrd/biotechn.html U.S. Food as good as Drug Administration Center for Food Safety as good as Applied Nutrition, Biotechnology of Food. FDA Backgrounder: May 18, 1994.]
^ Amflora – A star(ch) is born: Amylose as good as Amylopectin – dual sides to a single potato.
^ Rapeseed (canola) has been genetically engineered to cgange a oil calm with a gene encoding a “12:0 thioesterase” (TE) containing alkali substance from a California brook plant (Umbellularia californica) to enlarge middle length greasy acids, see:
^ GE Enzymes as good as Microorganisms
^ Need a some-more specific reference for this interpretation than a ISAAA homepage.
^ Economic Impact of Genetically Modified Cotton in India
^ Comparing a Performance of Official as good as Unofficial Genetically Modified Cotton in India
^ Genetically Modified Foods as good as Organisms
^ Genetic Engineering: The Future of Foods?
^ Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in a U.S. USDA ERS Jul 14, 2006
^ Press Releases 2008
^ Organic Farming can Feed The World!
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^ a b northwestern.edu Northwestern Journal of Technology as good as Intellectual Property Paper on: “Consumer Protection” Consumer Strategies as good as a European Market in Genetically Modified Foods Quote: The brand brand brand brand brand new Trans Atlantic Consumer Dialogue (TACD) Statement upon a WTO welfare creates this clear: “clearly consumers’ welfare for non-GM food is a loyal engine of a marketplace fall for American crops.” as good as For instance, Evenson records which a politicization of GMOs is not merely a theme of labeling as information, yet unlabeled GM products as catalysts in a “globalization backlash.”
^ a b CBC Identifying genetically mutated products. Quote: Yet as seen in this inform from CBC’s Marketplace, no such labeling law exists in Canada notwithstanding countless surveys indicating up to 90 per cent of Canadians wish imperative labeling of GM food. Canada’s heading inhabitant consumer organisation does not await imperative labeling. It appeared to retreat a position upon Dec 3, 2003: http://www.consumer.ca/1626
^
^ Raney, Terri, as good as Prahbu Pingali. “Sowing A Gene Revolution.” Scientific American Sep 2007. eleven Sep 2008 < http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=sowing-a-gene-revolution>.
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^ http://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/can-biotech-food-cure-world-hunger/#paul Put Aside Prejudices
^ http://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/can-biotech-food-cure-world-hunger/#vandana The Failure of Gene Altered Crops]
^ http://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/can-biotech-food-cure-world-hunger/#per A immature Revolution Done Right
^ http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/BiotechCrops/ US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in a U.S. Jul 2, 2008
^ Economic Impact of Transgenic Crops in Developing Countries
^ Zambia Allows Its People To Eat
^ The Peninsula On-line: Qatar’s heading English Daily
^ World Environment News – Planet Ark
^ Venezuela: Chavez Dumps Monsanto – Social as good as Economic Policy – Global Policy Forum
^ Home
^ Agriculture Department Probes Rice Flap: NPR
^ “India says no to primary GM food crop”, Agence France-Presse (AFP) (New Delhi), 9 Feb 2010, http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hx8gKVOxrM8-7Pkj6nWSsPwbXBIw
^ United States General Accounting Office, Report to a Chairman, Subcommittee upon Risk Management, Research, as good as Specialty Crops, Committee upon Agriculture, House of Representatives. Information upon Prices of Genetically Modified Seeds in a United States as good as Argentina. Jan 2000
^ a b Munzer, Stephen R. (2006). Plants, Torts, as good as Intellectual Property. Oxford University Press. pp. 130.
^ a b Federal justice of Canada. Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser Date: 20010329 Docket: T-1593-98 Retrieved twenty-six Mar 2006.
^ Schubert, Robert: “Schmeiser Wants to Take It to The Supreme Court”, CropChoice News, Sep 9, 2002
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^ Proteomic profiling as good as unintended goods in genetically mutated crops, Sirpa O. Krenlampi as good as Satu J. Lehesranta 2006
^ Hierarchical metabolomics demonstrates estimable compositional likeness in in in between genetically mutated as good as compulsory potato crops, G S Catchpole as good as others PNAS Oct 4, 2005 vol. 102 no. 40 14458-14462
^ http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02566.pdf US GAO. “Genetically Modified Foods: Experts View Regimen of Safety Tests as Adequate, yet FDA’s Evaluation Process Could Be Enhanced.” GAO-02-566 Genetically Modified Foods,
^ Key S, Ma JK, Drake PM (June 2008). “Genetically mutated plants as good as tellurian health”. J R Soc Med 101 (6): 2908. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372. PMID 18515776. http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/full/101/6/290.
^ Peer Reviewed Publications upon a Safety of GM Foods. AgBioWorld.
^ Organic Consumers Association
^ True Food Now!
^ James Randerson interviews biologist Arpad Pusztai | Education | The Guardian
^ Ewen SW, Pusztai A (October 1999). “Effect of diets containing genetically mutated potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin upon rodent tiny intestine”. Lancet 354 (9187): 13534. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05860-7. PMID 10533866.
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^ Hammond B, Lemen J, Dudek R, et al. (February 2006). “Results of a 90-day reserve declaration investigate with rats fed pellet from corn rootworm-protected corn”. Food Chem. Toxicol. 44 (2): 14760. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2005.06.008. PMID 16084637.
^ Hammond B, Dudek R, Lemen J, Nemeth M (June 2004). “Results of a thirteen week reserve declaration investigate with rats fed pellet from glyphosate passive corn”. Food Chem. Toxicol. 42 (6): 100314. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.013. PMID 15110110.
^ Hammond BG, Dudek R, Lemen JK, Nemeth MA (July 2006). “Results of a 90-day reserve declaration investigate with rats fed pellet from corn borer-protected corn”. Food Chem. Toxicol. 44 (7): 10929. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.003. PMID 16487643.
^ Spiroux de Vendmois, et al, “A Comparison of a Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties upon Mammalian Health” Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:706-726 Ivyspring International Publisher
^ Doull J, Gaylor D, Greim HA, Lovell DP, Lynch B, Munro IC (November 2007). “Report of an Expert Panel upon a reanalysis by of a 90-day investigate conducted by Monsanto in await of a reserve of a genetically mutated corn accumulation (MON 863)”. Food Chem. Toxicol. 45 (11): 207385. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.033. PMID 17900781. http://150.161.28.147/homepage/professores/ppa/biolmol/stacking/Doull_et_al-2007.pdf.
^ Netherwood et al., “Assessing a presence of transgenic planic plant DNA in a tellurian gastrointestinal tract,” Nature Biotechnology twenty-two (2004):2.
^ Smith, Jeffrey. Genetic Roulette: The Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods, p.130, 2007
^ http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all?content=10.1080/17450390512331342368 “Animal nourishment with feeds from genetically mutated plants” Prof. Dr Gerhard Flachowsky; Andrew Chesson; Karen Aulrich
^ Julie A. Nordlee, “Identification of Brazil-Nut Allergen in Transgenic Soybeans,” New England Journal of Medicine, 334 (1996):688-692.
^ Streit, L.G., L.R. Beach, J.C. Register, III, R. Jung, as good as W.R. Fehr. 2001. Association of a Brazil bulb protein gene as good as Kunitz trypsin inhibitor alleles with soybean protease inhibitor wake up as good as agronomic traits. Crop Sci. 41:17571760.
External links
Cons as good as Pros of GM food.
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml
Wikibooks has a book upon a subject of
Genes, Technology as good as Policy
Resolution To Label GMO Food Resolution to secure imperative labeling of GMO food.
Website Citizens To Label GMO Food Information upon GMO food labeling.
FAO Agriculture Department as good as a SOFA inform upon Agricultural Biotechnology addressing GM food safety
GMO Compass Information upon a make make make use of of of of genetic engineering in a agri-food industry. Authorization database with all GM plants in a EU.
GMO Safety Information about investigate projects upon a biological reserve of genetically mutated plants.
Approved GM stand database
New Scientist essay upon GMO foods
The FDA List of Completed Consultations upon Bioengineered Foods
Coextra investigate plan upon coexistence as good as tracebility of GM as good as non-GM supply chains
STEPS Centre Biotechnology Research Archive
Controlling Our Food a documentary movie by Marie-Monique Robin
Suggested Reading
Mark Pollack & Gregory Shaffer, When Cooperation Fails: The International Law as good as Politics of Genetically Modified Foods (Oxford University Press 2009).
Mendel in a Kitchen, by Nina Fedoroff as good as Nancy Marie Brown
The environmental food predicament A investigate finished by a UN upon stuff oneself a universe race (2009)
Tomorrow’s Table: Organic Farming, Genetics, as good as a Future of Food, Ronald as good as Adamchak (2008) ISBN 978-0195301755
Biotechnology, Agriculture, as good as Food Security in Southern Africa Edited by Steven Were Omamo as good as Klaus von Grebmer (2005) (Brief as good as Book available)
Genetic Roulette: The Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods by Jeffrey M. Smith.
Beth H. Harrison (2007) Shedding Light upon Genetically Engineered Food: What You Don’t Know About a Food You’re Eating as good as What You Can Do to Protect Yourself
World Hunger by Brian Kenneth Swain is a brand brand brand brand brand brand new novella book connected with a subject of genetically-modified food as good as a little intensity consequences upon society. ISBN 978-0595686254
McHughen, A. Pandora’s Picnic Basket: The Potential as good as Hazards of Genetically Modified Foods, Oxford University Press, 2000
Tokar, B.(ed.) Redesigning Life? Zed Books, 2001.
Let Them Eat Precaution. How Politics Is Undermining a Genetic Revolution in Agriculture. By Byrne, J., Conko, G., Entine, J., Gilland, T., Hoban, T. H., Moore, P., Natsios, A. S, Newell-McGloughlin, M., Paarlberg, R. L., Prakash, C. S., Tucker Foreman, C., Edited by Jon Entine AEI Press (Washington) 2006. Facets of a GM stand discuss not lonesome by antagonists to a technology.
Genetics by Nina V. Fedoroff as good as Nancy Marie Brown
Helena Norberg-Hodge, “The Pressure to Modernize as good as Globalize”, in The Case Against a Global Economy as good as for a Turn Toward a Local 45 (J. Mander & E. Goldsmith eds., 1996)
Ellen Ruppel Shell, New World Syndrome, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, Jun 2001
Vandana Shiva, A World View of Abundance, ORION, Summer 2000
Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of a All American Meal (2001)
Michael Pollan, The Futures of Food: The Industry Has Found a Way to Co-opt a Threat from Organics as good as low Food. Remember a Meal in a Pill?, NY TIMES MAG., Sun., May 4, 2003, during sec. 6, p. 63
Matt Lee as good as Ted Lee, The Next Big Flavor: Searching For a Taste of Tomorrow, id. during 66
Amanda Hesser, Vintage Cuts, id. during 72
Danylo Hawaleshka with Brian Bethune as good as Sue Ferguson, Tainted Food, (Kraft to rise nanoparticles which can shift food color, flavor, as good as nutritious worth to fit a chairman seizure or palate)
Gary Ruskin, The Fast Food Trap: How Commercialism Creates Overweight Children, Mothering Mazagine, Nov./December 2003
Kate Zernike, Is Obesity a Responsibility of a Body Politic?, NY TIMES, Sun., Nov 9, 2003, during sec. 4, p. 3
Carl Hulse, Vote in House Bars Some Suits Citing Obesity, NY TIMES, Thurs., Mar 11, 2004, during sec. A., p. 1
Garcia, Deborah Koons (Director). 2004. The Future of Food. film.
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Consumer Food Safety
Adulterants/Food contaminants
Formaldehyde Melamine 3-MCPD Cyanide Lead poisoning Mercury in fish Sudan red dye Aldicarb
Toxins/Poisons
Mycotoxins Shellfish poisoning Arsenic decay of groundwater Aflatoxin Benzene in soothing drinks Bisphenol A
Microorganisms
Campylobacter jejuni Escherichia coli O157:H7 Salmonella Listeria Botulism Clostridium perfringens Hepatitis A Hepatitis E Rotavirus Norovirus
Pesticides Overuse/Residues
Lindane DDT, Malathion, Chlorpyrifos, Methamidophos
Preservatives
Benzoic acid sodium benzoate EDTA
Sweeteners
Cyclamate Aspartame controversy Saccharin Sucralose acesulfame potassium tall fructose corn syrup sorbitol
Food Scares
ICA beef repackaging controversy Bradford candy poisoning Minamata disease Chilean grape scare 2005 Indonesia food scare 2008 Chinese divert liaison 2007 Vietnam food shock 2008 Canadian listeriosis outbreak 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 2006 North American E. coli outbreak Irish pig predicament of 2008 Toxic oil syndrome List of foodborne seizure outbreaks List of food decay incidents
Regulatory/Watchdog
International Food Safety Network Food as good as Drug Administration E number Acceptable every day intake Food Standards Agency Quality Assurance International Food Safety Act 1990 Pure Food as good as Drug Act European Food Safety Authority List of food reserve organisations Food law Early story of food law in a United States Food labeling regulations
Food Processing
Polycyclic savoury hydrocarbon Food irradiation Nitrosamines Trans fat Acrylamide Shortening Hydrolyzed unfeeling protein Modified starch 4-Hydroxynonenal Heterocyclic amines Creutzfeldtakob disease
Misc
Foodborne illness Food Preservation Food reserve in a People’s Republic of China Curing (food preservation) Food quality Food marketing Genetically mutated food Food reserve (science) Food politics
Categories: Food attention | Genetically mutated organisms in cultivation | Genetic engineering | Environmental issuesHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from Jan 2010 | Articles with unsourced statements from Apr 2009